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The

structural engineering is a branch

classic civil engineering that deals with the design and calculation of the structural in buildings and other works. Its purpose is to achieve functional structures that are appropriate from the standpoint of resistance. In a practical sense, structural engineering is the application of Newtonian mechanics to design elements and structural systems such as buildings, bridges , walls (including retaining walls ) dams , tunnels, etc..

Structural engineers ensure that their designs satisfy a standard set of security goals (eg that the structure will not collapse without giving any prior notice) or service level (for example, that the vibration in a building does not disturb the occupants). Additionally, they are responsible for making efficient use of money and materials needed to achieve these goals. Typically, structural engineers with little experience designing simple beams, columns or floors of new buildings, including the calculation of loads (or forces) in each member and the capacity of various building materials such as steel , wood or concrete. An experienced engineer tends to design more complex structures such as bridges or multi-storey buildings including skyscrapers .

be understood as a structural load that must be included in the calculation of the mechanical elements (forces, moments, strains, displacements) of the structure as a system and / or its components. Structural loads are generally classified as dead loads acting on a continuous basis without significant changes in this group the weight of the structure, pushing fluids (such as a dam) or solid (as the soil in a wall containment), ups (like bridges), prestressed, permanent settlements, live loads are those that vary their intensity over time by use or exposure of the structure, such as traffic on bridges, temperature changes, equipment (such as a press), accumulation of snow or hail, etc., incidental charges that stem from the use of external actions structure and its manifestation is of short duration events such as earthquakes or wind gusts.

The geotechnical engineering

is the branch of civil engineering that deals with the study of mechanical, hydraulic and engineering of materials from Earth. Geotechnical engineers investigate soil and rocks below the surface to determine its properties and to design the foundations for structures such as buildings , bridges, hydroelectric , etcetera.

is why geotechnical engineers, as well as fully understand the principles of mechanics and hydraulics, they need an adequate command of the basics of geology . It is especially important to determine the conditions under which certain materials were created or deposited, and subsequent structural or diagenetic processes (metamorphic, replacement, crystallization, etc..) they have suffered.

designs for structures built above the surface include shallow foundations (footings ) deep foundations (piles and retaining walls ). Dams and dikes are structures that can be constructed of soil or rock and seal for its stability and rely heavily on materials that are settled or which are surrounded. Finally are structures built tunnels through the soil or rock and depend largely on the characteristics of the materials through which are constructed to define the system construction, the duration of the work and costs.

geotechnical engineers are also investigating the risk to humans, property and the environment brought about by natural phenomena or human activity such as landslides , land subsidence, mudflows and rock falls. Formerly

the geotechnical it identified as the soil mechanics, but the term was expanded to include issues such as seismic engineering, geotechnical materials development, improvement of soil characteristics, soil-structure interaction and others. However, the geotechnical engineering is one of the youngest branches of civil engineering and, therefore, continues to develop actively.

is considered as the Karl Terzaghi father geoténica engineering and soil mechanics.

Hydraulic Engineering

The hydraulic engineering is one of the traditional branches of civil engineering .

Training

Some universities civil engineering degree is divided after the first 2 or 3 years in various specialties, one of which is the hydraulic . From this division will emphasize different themes for each specialty, but many issues remained the same for all civil engineering courses .

Areas of activity hydraulic engineer

Basically the hydraulic engineer is responsible for designing, building and operating the waterworks . Another very important activity developed by hydraulic engineers is research, as hydraulic engineering is based, nearly 90% in experimental results. Leonardo Da Vinci said, with the brilliance he has shown in everything he has done so "when dealing with water, first check the practice, then the theory" . Much has been achieved since then, the two paths, theoretical formulations used at all times the most advanced mathematical tools of every age, but in the end here and there, always appearing just an empirical coefficient, an empirical formula , which is how in the end solves the practical problem, which was determined based on both laboratory experiments in the works built and operating.

water engineers deal with:

• calls as large structures, such as dams , locks, waterways, ports , etc.
• related works agriculture, hydraulic engineering expertise, known as agricultural water: irrigation systems , drainage systems.
• Works related to the environment : filter dams for erosion control, works channeling of rivers, coastal defenses .

In general, cuendo is important interventions, the hydraulic engineer working as part of a multidisciplinary team.

Transportation Engineering and Road Infrastructure

Transportation Planning Transportation Economy
• pavement design and maintenance
• urban design cycle routes
• Design road geometric design
parking

Construction Management and Engineering

is the branch of civil engineering is responsible for making cost estimates of how much a particular project, the time it takes to be a work of processing the permits when starting a project, draw up contracts between landlord and engineer, to conduct inspections to verify that everything is done according to predetermined plans and specifications, to make the calendar of activities which shall be governed by the contractor to perform the work, to make project management and other aspects.

Application Areas

structures: construction a false tunnel Burgos.

Its scope is very broad. Would, for example, transport infrastructure: airports

• Highways Highways
• Railways Ports
• Bridges
• urban transport networks

Hydraulic works, Sewerage

• Waterwheels
• channels for transporting water drinking or irrigation channels
• navigation
• Pipes for drinking water
• Hydroelectric
• Sewage
• Dams Locks
• Springs. Dams

Tampering stability problems field. The

structures that make up the previous works. Embankments

• Works Joints of containment of
ground tunnels
• Shoes
• Pillars Beams
• . Boards
• of bridges

In general, civil engineering works involving work a lot of people (sometimes hundreds or even thousands) over periods ranging from a few weeks or months several years.

Due to the high cost of the works are undertaken (think of the cost of a highway or a railway line) much of the work performed are for the state or well for large companies wishing to operate a long-term infrastructure (toll roads and tunnels, railroads, etc.). However, their techniques are also applied to works like the above but smaller scale, as could be:

• containment difficult terrain in the excavation for the foundation of a building.
• The implementation of the structure of a building .
• The design and implementation of systems for water distribution and sewerage a small population (including stations drinking water treatment (ETAP), pumping equipment, stations wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), etc.
• design and development of the streets of a small town

They are also responsible for a Civil Engineer:

• planning, design and control of urban transport systems, including designing and building heat exchangers new lines or modifying existing ones.
• Adoption of new transport systems that currently exist, such as meters lines or light rail (more commonly known as tram ).
• planning, implementation and management of treatment plants or waste incineration and landfills. Work
• Engineering Assistants (quality control, laboratory testing, monitoring health and safety issues).
• all previous Maintenance

Thus, a civil engineer is not confined to large infrastructure projects, very rare due to their high cost.

knowledge areas

structures:

working backhoe.

knowledge necessary to practice civil engineering are: Knowledge

• calculation efforts in structures under different solicitations (the behavior of beams a bridge before the passage of a train , a dam to the hydrostatic pressure of water that holds, a caliper to transmit the weight of the structure that supports the field.
• Knowledge of the materials to be used in the execution of the work (strength, weight aging, etc.)..
• knowledge of the behavior of ground to the requests of the structures that support it (bearing capacity, stability to these solicitations, etc.).. Knowledge
• Hydrology for the calculation of flood flows for design or dam or dams, design of bridge clearance, etc.. Knowledge
• calculation techniques for gauging the size of the roads, etc.
• And, of course, knowledge of procedures, techniques and equipment necessary for the application of previous knowledge.

In general, a large number of possible technical solutions for the same problem and sometimes none of them is clearly preferable to another. It is the work of a Civil Engineer to know all of them less suitable to rule and consider only those most promising, saving time and money. It is also the duty of Civil Engineering knowledge of the possible ways of implementing the solution or the equipment available to them. Must also have the expertise to evaluate the possible problems that may arise in the work and take the right decision, considering among other aspects of social and environmental.

Therefore, in addition to a solid education is vital in the work of a Civil Engineer extensive work experience, enabling him to recognize, view the problem and adopt solutions that have proved reliable in the past.

Praxis Civil Engineering

structures: Light Rail Bilbao.

work begins at a Civil Engineer noted a particular need (a new dock at a port, expansion or construction of a highway, a dam that continuity and stability to the flow of a river ...). At this stage of planning, civil engineers working in an integrated way with other professional national or local authorities with powers of decision.

Then enters the work of collecting the data needed to design a solution to this need, data can be topographic (measuring the actual terrain surface), hydrological (rainfall a basin , flow of a river, etc..) statistical ( appraisals of existing roads or streets, population densities), and so on.

For this purpose the designs of the works and more complex systems are made in several stages. The first stage called the pre-feasibility , is responsible for analyzing the most possible solutions. It is at this stage in which agencies decide for example, the location of a port, the general layout of a road or take the decision about whether to build a railway to transport ore or a pipeline. For decision making are considered, among others, the following aspects: difficulty of the work, cost of the work; environmental impact caused by the work. The pre-feasibility study involves a multidisciplinary team of experts, which also involved civil engineers electrical engineers, mechanics, geologists, economists, sociologists, environmentalists. As a result of this phase are chosen 2 or 3 Solutions for details on the next stage.

In the next stage, called technical and economic feasibility, and progress was made in the construction details on the costing in the construction schedule and cash flow necessary for the execution of the work. At this stage have a lot of weight field investigations to identify specific difficulties related to the geology of the areas in which action, and will detail the environmental impacts, including both the physical and biotic and social. In general it is at this stage that the final solution is chosen, which will be detailed in the design stage final or final design .

Then comes the real work on the ground, put it to be capable of supporting structures will be built on it (sometime up to replace the field by another, more bearing capacity if the existing one does not meet the conditions), earthworks (cuttings and embankments), construction of structures (piers, footings, piers, abutments, beams, retaining walls ...) ...

However, all these steps rarely occur smoothly and , let alone competent to the same engineering team. So often the engineers Administration for those who detect the need to try to resolve, while at other times the work is included within a plan of political action (not always a clear technical justification).

If the work to undertake is vast Administration does not execute, but their engineers made a preliminary draft that is drawn by public auction. So are the engineers of different construction companies which, after the preliminary technical requirements, develop alternatives. The alternatives offered by the construction can be very different to the draft and each other, because each company uses the machinery and procedures that are better known, and the administration will choose the cheapest of the options that meet the requirements.

engineers to carry out the work need not be (and usually are) those who have designed. The manufacturer may also decide to outsource different tasks to other companies, so there can be as different companies for the same work (one runs the earthworks, other concrete structures ...), each with its corresponding engineering department and its corresponding engineering team on site.

Very often, due to the unpredictability of field problems occur on site that require modifications to the project, at other times the government may decide to vary certain conditions or requirements as the work develops and observed or potential problems that had not been studied or that at the time which produced the blueprint does considered significant. It may happen that a new infrastructure to make changes or force arises the possibility that two different works, built by different companies (of course with different teams of engineers) are implemented together ....

This can give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe many variables that affect the work of Civil Engineering. Fortunately, major works are rare, and most frequently Civil Engineer is limited to the supervision of the work and making concrete decisions on specific issues that affect development or general budget of the work. Thus, works such as the containment of an area of \u200b\u200bcommon characteristics, the placement of a prestressed beam or performance of a firm are routine tasks that do not involve significant changes in the project.