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Gothic art, like the Romanesque is eminently religious not only in theme or content, or for the fact that the Church was the main patron or sponsor, but because art was seen as an instrument of evangelization throughout the Middle Ages. If
to Roman times, the building was the main monastery, the Gothic cathedral was. In Roman times, monks, especially the Benedictines carried out their religious work within the monasteries, by practicing an austere life, but at the center of activity moved to the cities, it was necessary to create new religious orders, which directly involved in the lives of the faithful, these were the mendicant orders.
mendicant clergy was not tied to a particular monastery, but had a dynamic character and was obliged to preach and fight against heresy. The dynamic nature and his absolute fidelity to Rome "... allowed the priests to use Franciscans and Dominicans as an army to defend their interests. In his role as preachers, missionaries, inquisitors , canon lawyers, theologians and intellectual mendicants provided the sociological imperative stop the triumph of the papal theocracy ... " (http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/ historia/contextos/1074.htm)

The mendicant orders (Latin mendicare , begging) were bound by the vow of poverty, however came to receive large donations from princes and burghers that used in the construction of Gothic churches and monasteries. The most important commands were: San Francisco de Assisi, founded in 1222 and Santo Domingo, founded in 1215, women were also established orders such as the Dominicans and the Poor Clares. All of them contributed to the direct dialogue between the church and the new society and its spiritual influence also reached art.
"... The mendicant orders were so large disseminator of Gothic architecture and, despite being orders austere, promoted the arts for the glory and honor to God ... " (The Centuries of Art." XIV Century . Sandra Baragli , EDT . Electa. p. 38)

At first the religious buildings were sober and simple, in keeping with the principle of poverty of the monks, but quickly erased the image of austerity and churches are richly decorated with sculptures and stained glass so expensive, example are the Franciscan church of Santa Croce in Florence and the Dominican church in Toulouse . In particular, the Franciscans used art as propaganda and thus religious, san Francisco is continually reproduced in the frescoes, altarpieces and stained glass , becoming a favorite of the Gothic period.

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YOUR TIME AND YOUR TIME Gothic. RELIGIOUS ART

HISTORICAL

Gothic art was born in Europe in the mid XII in the heart of France, specifically Paris , with the Cathedral of Saint Denis , built around 1140, the first building in this genre. In the beginning
Romanesque and Gothic lived, but soon the new style is constructed prevails and towering cathedrals, reflecting a triumphant church.
The word "Gothic" was first used in the sixteenth century by Giorgio Vasari in a pejorative way to refer to the "art of the Goths" (barbarous people who contributed to the destruction of the Roman Empire) at the expense of classical art. In fact, during the Renaissance, men inspired by literary and artistic models of old, despised the spirit and works of the Middle Ages. However, the Gothic has been redeveloped and exalted century XIX by romantic and nationalist movements in Europe and is now universally regarded as one of the brightest moments from the artistic point of view, the Western world.
Unlike the predominantly rural-Romanesque-Gothic art developed in the cities, coincided with the decline of the feudal system, the consolidation of royal power and the birth of a new social class: the bourgeoisie.
During the late Middle Ages to the XI century, the monasteries had been the main cultural centers of Christianity and its "scriptorium " had taken refuge across the intellectual activity time. But from the twelfth century , education moves to cities, where the cathedral schools and universities. Secular
This development resulted in a revival of mathematics , thanks to Muslim scholars (translated in schools of Toledo and Sicily ), in truth, the gothic buildings are a marvel of balance, achieved through multiple calculations were possible only as mathematical knowledge were accessible through translations of Muslim scholars
To create a work of art is of great importance the position of "Customer", ie the person for whom the work is done. During the Gothic, the customer excellence remains the Catholic Church and consequently magnificent cathedrals were built to express in stone and glass theological thought at the time, the conception of a church triumphant reflection of the New Jerusalem and new mystical currents concerned about the rise of souls and enlightenment. These ideas about light, the rise and triumph were reflected in the development of such cathedrals and this is what we feel when contemplating a Gothic cathedral. But the church not only significantly influenced the creation of works of art, sovereigns and lords constant local rivalry built splendid palaces and worried about the beautification of the city to honor and glory of their names, and in particular, we must also mention the appearance of some new clients, representatives of the bourgeois class with money contributed to the secularization of art.
Gothic reigned in Europe until it was gradually replaced by the Renaissance, first in Italy (S. XV) and later in northern Europe (S. XVI ).

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THE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

Overcome the rural subsistence economy, typical of early medieval, it gives way to an open economy lideralizada a new social class: the bourgeoisie. Thanks to her intensified trade, monopolistic companies are organized and created powerful banks.
The bourgeoisie was made up of people not under the jurisdiction manor essentially free traders and craftsmen living in cities or towns, typically urban performing tasks such as trade, banking or the mere exercise of a profession or trade.
As the feudal aristocracy was losing relevance for some increasingly centralized monarchy, the bourgeoisie - thanks to its economic strength and in partnership with the real aristocracy - was gaining more political power, that helped establish the legal bases to develop a productive way to meet your interests, trade expansion and trade union activity and conquer, eventually the municipal system.
The flowering of Gothic art is in large part to the development of an aristocratic society and bourgeois court, who with his money and his way of conceiving life promote a renewed refinement and elegance of art. Thus, in parallel with a predominantly religious art comes a secular art, buildings filled with luxury and comfort that reflect the economic and political power of its inhabitants, also reappears portraits and scenes are representations of everyday household and own the bourgeois lifestyle.
The bourgeoisie was consolidated during the Renaissance, through the development of colonial trade. Later, in the late eighteenth , lack of access to power because of the absolutist political momentum had stopped the bourgeois. The reaction of the bourgeoisie against the absolutist kings was the defense of natural rights and constitutional government as opposed to the privileges of the sovereign and the nobility.

Petrus Christus .- The Jeweler and San promised or Eligio in his workshop. 1449. Oil on canvas .- school Gothic Artist Flemish (some authors place it within the Nordic Renaissance )
student Jan Van Eyck . The artist had great success among groups or guilds of Bruges, between the nobles and merchants who commissioned numerous portraits. The condition is characterized by the thoroughness of the implementation , desire for detail and taste for linear perspective. The scene their location inside a jewelry store, where possibly Saint Eligius, patron saint of goldsmiths weighs a ring, are promised high status. In the table displayed coins and other objects. A shelf full of utensils (pots, a piece of coral, a ring box ...) There is a mirror reflecting two passers Verdera located within a cityscape. The box combines a religious theme with another lay for the purposes of the tastes of the rich bourgeoisie.

After the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie resume political power gradually introducing parliamentary democracy and success begins with the industrial revolution, giving rise to capitalism and class society. The great capitalist bourgeoisie becomes the ruling class owns the means of production, clearly separated from the working class or proletariat. From this moment, the old revolutionary bourgeoisie becomes a conservative class and exploitive of workers being required the development of socialist currents for the purpose of raising awareness and organizing the proletariat in the struggle for their rights.

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SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE Romanesque and Gothic

is said that Gothic art is the development of Romanesque art, but look different and even conflicting attitudes. If the Romanesque is recollection, darkness, sound, in the Gothic is light, color and elevation to the divine. This change in attitude is the fundamental key to distinguish the two periods.

1 .- In both the Romanesque and in the gothic, religion is the source of inspiration for art. The monastery, the highest expression of Romanesque architecture and the cathedral, a symbol of Gothic architecture reflect the religious character of both periods and therefore the Christian faith in the medieval period. 2 .-
The Romanesque art is a predominantly rural, is developed in a society composed of warriors, peasants and monks, a tripartite partnership in remembrance of the religious trinity. The Gothic is mainly in cities and is marked by the birth of a new social class, the bourgeoisie.
3 .- The Romanesque architecture is developed through the work of the monasteries, thus emphasizing its religious character, being civilian buildings of little interest. During the Gothic period, in addition to the church, also listed as clients of the noble art works and the new bourgeois class that was an important civil architecture such as palaces, cities and markets or commercial buildings.
Viollet Le Duc said Gothic art "... it was an art essentially episcopal and municipal opposing it and the Romanesque art, which was primarily monastic ..." (History of Art. Edt . Lafer , Volume 2, p. . 190).
Although built some splendid Romanesque cathedrals and equally to build monasteries became rich with churches and cloisters in the new Gothic style, this phrase contains a great truth: the rural character and monastic Romanesque and Gothic urban character. 4 .-
During the Roman philosophical knowledge, techniques, architecture, painting, sculpture, etc. were of the exclusivity of the monasteries during the Gothic all the arts were no longer monopolized by the monastic workshops for universities and lay professionals organized in lodges or guilds. 5 .-
During the Romanesque sculpture and monumental painting had eminently, ie they were subordinate to the architecture, the Gothic style softens this dependency to get rid of architectural framework. 6 .-
Conception timeless Gothic work.
The Romanesque buildings of smaller size and therefore less costly, could in most cases built in a reasonable period of years, respecting the initial project. In contrast, in the Gothic buildings are planned much more daring and expensive requiring much time to completion, sometimes several generations. The initial projects of the Gothic cathedrals were often modified during their execution, combining different styles.

"... Without doubt the main element of continuity is the timeless design of the work: in most styles of buildings one another and merge to the rhythm of the ages, knowing what makes a work contemporary they will not see it finished, or perhaps their children or grandchildren. Many of them even put in value the audacity to begin technical and economic challenges (sometimes by political rivalry) that when you start not planned how to end, as is the case on the cathedrals of Siena and Florence .. " ( http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G% C3% B3tico )

7. - Light is one of the most characteristic features of the new Gothic style in contrast to the Romanesque. In the first, the light is developed as a natural part of the building, in Romanesque however, dominates the dark by the shortage of openings or windows.

"... If the Romanesque is recollection, dark mass dominance of openings, the Gothic implies the opposite, light, color, elevation, expressiveness and naturalism. Abbot Suger , promoting the construction of Saint Denis , collects his thoughts on these ideas that perfectly reflect the substantial change that brings the art style, a change that also occurs in society and the economy .. "
( http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/contextos/1360.htm )

Basilica Interior St . Denis

8 .- The Gothic in correspondence with the philosophical and religious trends (recovery of Aristotle's philosophy through Averroism and humanism of St. Francis of Assisi) represent religious figures in a more human level, allowing them to show emotions such as pleasure, pain , tenderness, anger, breaking the hieratic and Romanesque formalism.

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GOTHIC GOTH ART URBAN CHARACTER

A fundamental difference between the Romanesque and Gothic art is the urban character of the latter. Indeed, the Romanesque born into a rural society, formed by warriors and peasants, the Gothic is developed in cities and will coincide with the decline of feudalism and the consolidation of royal power.

The city stands as political, religious, cultural and economic. Places are flanked by the cathedral, city hall, in a ongoing rivalry between the power of the church and the nobility.
At this time, trade is increasing especially with the Middle East and created universities. A new social class: the bourgeoisie, which contributes to the construction of cathedrals and palaces by paying alms and taxes, also arise from trades unions or associations, called "arts" in Italy and " guilds" in northern Europe, which are grouped the bourgeoisie, whose economic power manifested in the buildings that house their headquarters.
Thus, during this time many buildings were built in the religious and laity who contributed to the beautification and glory of medieval cities.

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GOTHIC SCULPTURE PAINTING SCULPTURE

funerary sculpture .- L to death in the Middle Ages is reflected in a rich iconography, in part by the experience of the worst pandemic of history: the Black Death, and the other by the need to project over time. Thus, death is not only generally as a skeleton carrying a scythe, the symbol of the futility of life, but also represents individual so as honoring the deceased. Thus, the deceased appears generally so lying, as if he were asleep with their clothes or weapons of cavalry, accompanied by praying figures that are placed next to the sarcophagus. Example: Tomb Philippe Pot.

Portrait .- In the Gothic period the figure of the client, the person who ordered the execution of an artistic work. This resulted in many of them, either by the desire to prescriptive over time or by simple vanity to demonstrate their power and wealth required to be represented in the work, most often appeared on her knees giving the sides of the religious figures. In this regard, The best example is the front of the cathedral of Dijon , in which the sculptor Claus Sluter , donors placed Felipe , the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and his wife Margaret of Flanders in company their religious employers San Juan and Santa Catalina, all in an attitude of devotion to the Virgin Mary.

Pulpits .- The The pulpits were raised platforms that were in the churches for the purpose of facilitating liturgical activities, such as preach the gospel . Franciscan monks became fashionable pulpits decorated with biblical imagery. The novelty of these structures is that besides being an adjunct to the liturgy were true architectural sculptures. The most famous pulpits were performed by Nicholas and Italian Giovanni Pisano such as the pulpits of the Baptistery of Pisa, Siena's cathedral, the church of San Andrés de Pistoia, etc.

pulpit of the cathedral of Siena, Nicolas and Giovanni Pisano .-

Nicholas Pisano and Giovanni Pisano .- ( approx. 1205 to 1280 and 1250 -1314, respectively ). Father and son, considered the greatest sculptors of the Italian Gothic. They often worked together, although their styles may be different in this sense can be said that the figures of Giovanni have greater emotional charge and are smarter than the father, following the French Gothic style.
Along with his work sculpture, the Pisano was recognized architects, his masterpiece was the cathedral of Siena.
In 1260, Nicholas carved pulpit the Baptistery of Pisa, which achieved a superb adaptation of classical forms to the new context Gothic. So inspired by an ancient Greek sarcophagus took the figure of a naked Hercules and transformed in Christ, equipping it with feelings. Also authored the pulpit of the Cathedral of Siena and Perugia source in collaboration with his son Giovanni Pisano .

Nicholas Pisano. Pisa Baptistery pulpit (1260). Inside the baptistery built in Romanesque style is the outstanding and innovative white marble pulpit. The same is sustained on a central column mounted on a pedestal with grotesque imagery, allegories of ancient pagan religions . The six external columns alternately resting on the backs of three lions to represent the triumph of Christianity. The capitals are decorated with plant motifs and the arches are composed of a tri-lobed arch within a half point. The spandrels between the arches are carved with images of the Prophets and virtues. All this forms the structure on which rests the pulpit itself is hexagonal. In the five panels of the pulpit (because the sixth is open to allow access) were carved in the classical manner, ie Greek with a profusion of figures, the life of Jesus from the Annunciation to the Crucifixion. Note the muscular figure of Christ in remembrance of a Hercules seen in an ancient sarcophagus . Finally we see an eagle crowned the pulpit.

Around 1280 Nicholas died and was replaced by his son Giovanni in the direction of workshop. This , alone or in company with Father carved the figures of the facade of the Baptistery of Pisa (now in the National Museum). Giovanni
achieved the full development of his art in Siena ; in in 1278 was appointed Chief Architect replacing his father, continuing the decoration of the cathedral and its pulpit, the figure of Prudence carved into the pulpit should have inspired Masaccio to paint Eva in the box "Expulsion from Paradise." The figures on the facade have tremendous strength and inner life, many of these statues were transferred for safety to the museums.

Giovanni also carved the pulpit of the church of San Andres, Pistoia and the Cathedral of Pisa. He also worked in sculpture bust independent architectural framework, the best known in the " Madonna and Child" located on the altar of the cathedral of Padua . It's amazing realism and dramatic tension of his figures, characteristics that have led critics to consider Giovanni in the sculpture played a role akin to Giotto in painting. The asteroid "7313 Pisano" was named in honor of Nicholas and Giovanni Pisano

Giovanni Pisano. Pulpit of the Cathedral of San Andrés ( Pistoia, Italy). Marble. 1301. The five reliefs pulpit the Annunciation, the Nativity, the Adoration of the Magi, the slaughter of the innocents, the crucifixion and the doomsday .

Giovanni Pisano. Pulpit of the Cathedral of San Andres . The Massacre of the Innocents (detail)

Andrea Pisano and Nino Pisano .- ( about 1290 to 1348 and from 1315 to 1368 respectively).
Father and son were both sculptors and architects of Florence. Andrea
worked in Florence, Pisa and Orvieto , probably around the year 1341 he left Florence with h ijos Nino and Tommaso and moved to Orvieto where he died suddenly because of the Black Death. The work of Andrea is highlighted by an elegant harmony, he was able to represent excellence in the folds of the garments to the figures give a corporate brand, as well as the backdrop used as a counterpoint to his relief. His greatest work is the bronze door of the Baptistery Florence. The cast of this door was made in 1332, however the assembly was delayed 3 years. There are 14 scenes in each of the gates, the first 10 recount the life of San Juan Bautista and the last 4 refer to the virtues. The figures are framed in a lobed .
As an architect, went to Andrea Pisano happen Giotto in the construction the bell tower of Santa Maria of Fiore in Florence.
turn, Nino , collaborated with his father in the development of several works, being his assistant in the decoration of the door of the Baptistery in Florence. Also made several independent figures architectural framework.

Claus Sluter .- (1355-1406 approx.) Gothic sculptor of Flemish origin, the main representative of sculpture Burgundy. Born in Holland, was formed in Brussels and entered the service of Duke of Burgundy, as an assistant to Jean of Marville in construction of the Monastery of Champmol in Dijon .
the late XII, during the reign of Felipe the Fair, the French monarchy had made great efforts in organizing the central administration, but the country still did not achieve homogeneity policy . Some regions were ruled by princes who ruled as "imitatio regni ", that is as true sovereigns with absolute independence. The courts of the dukes of Anjou of Berry and Burgundy vied with the king of France, not only in politics but also in art.
In this sense, it highlights the work of Felipe of Valois, the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and brother of Charles V who in their eagerness to equate Paris built the monastery of Champmol in Dijon , family memorial, among the great artists were invited CLAUS SLUT who exercised significant influence on the art Burgundian. Sluter was appointed principal sculptor, to the death of Marville and enjoyed great creative freedom to express their originality . His style even though located within the Gothic soft or international is realistic. His work is very emotional and heavy robes and abundant in cascades full hinting motion of bodies. Major works: The cover of the Charterhouse of Champmol , the memorial of Philip the Bold, the well of Moses.

Claus Sluter . home Champmol , Dijon .- sculptures Claus Sluter are totally free of framework. In the mullion is the Madonna and Child, there is great control of body movement, in effect, the Virgin appears wrapped in a blanket of delicious folds that create an effect motion. On the sides are donors Felipe , the bold, Duke of Burgundy and his wife Margaret of Flanders ( kneeling), along with San Juan and Santa Catalina. It is curious that on the cover of a church represent characters live and lay as it was a place reserved for patron saints and biblical characters of the site.

Jean Pépin Huy .- French sculptor and carver, worked for the Countess of Mahaut of Artois . The activity of this artist is closely linked to the patronage of the Countess, so much so that there is no evidence of work done by the artist, after her death. Made the tomb of Duke Otto of Burgundy, which retains only a figure weeping, the tomb of Robert of Artois plus a small marble carved statue of the Virgin and Child a true work of art, this figurine was donated by the Countess to the monastery of Mont Sainte Marie.

Final Gothic sculpture:
Gothic art was succeeded the Renaissance. Italy, the country most likely to Classic was the first place gave way to the new trend.
"... The end of Gothic sculpture can pinpoint the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy in the early fifteenth century with the famous competition for the commissioning of the doors of the Baptistery of the Cathedral of Florence ..." ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
However, the Gothic influence spread beyond the Italian boundaries, in places like Spain and northern Europe (Germany and Flanders), where models can be found until the early Gothic XVI.

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Gothic sculpture in breaking some icons from the Romanesque period, such as the hieratic and frontal of the figures, leading to a progressive naturalism. The expression changes, the figures become more humane and reflect feelings for the purpose of adapting to a new mindset in line with the philosophical concepts of man and nature. Thus the representation of Christ is made from a human perspective to bring it to the believer, so does the Virgin Mary, and does not play like a throne where Christ sits to rule, but appears more maternal and feminine.

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BOURGEOISIE

Gothic architecture was born in Paris, the Cathedral of Saint Denis , ordered built by the Abbot Suger , counselor to King Louis VII, p Ronto the new style spread to the rest of France and from there to Europe. Also, far from being limited to buildings religious, gradually opening was way the secular world, built magnificent palaces civilians. However it is the Gothic cathedral where reaches its highest expression

Cathedral Saint Denis . France. The first construction embracing the new Gothic style was erected in 1140 in Paris by Abbot Suger . The cathedral witnessed great historical events is became the main necropolis of kings and queens until 1773, during the French Revolution proceeded to the exhumation and desecration of royal tombs.
General causes of this style, not only be sought on the need for larger churches because of the growth of cities and the number of its inhabitants, or the natural development of techniques of Romanesque architecture, but the need to translate the theological concept of light, prevailing of the time. So Abbot Suger , decisive figure in the formation of Gothic construction ordered his church in line with the ideas on the supremacy of the spiritual over the material, the light as an essential element of the divine symbolism. Consequently, the Gothic architects formally accounted the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Heavenly City or New Jerusalem contained in the Apocalypse of St. John. This worldview is said the construction of cathedrals high with large windows and full of light. Thus the shape of a Gothic cathedral reflects the concept of the church triumphant, the New Jerusalem, where the material is integrated with the divine light, which is regarded more as an architectural element.
"... The new cathedrals provided the faithful a reflection of another world. Anthems have heard and sermons of the heavenly Jerusalem, with its gates of pearl, jewelry priceless, its streets of pure gold and clear glass (Revelation 21). Now, that vision came down from heaven to earth. The walls of these buildings were not cold and closed. They were made of stained glass that glowed like a precious stone. The pillars, which enhanced nerves and gold tracery. Faithful was delivered to the contemplation of all this beauty feel that he had almost come to understand the mysteries of a kingdom beyond the scope of the matter ... "(" History of Art "EH Gombrich , p.189).
In conclusion, we can say that the Gothic cathedral, not only reflects the vitality of cities, wealth and prestige of their bishops, but also and especially the faith of that time. Indeed, the ideal of the Gothic architects was to express in stone and glass mystical conception of the Church Triumphant, so that all believers waiting for the New Jerusalem, a city of unimaginable beauty as for the household of God, built gold, pearls and precious stones, the abode of angels and righteous souls, here on Earth could enjoy a similar view.

Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris . (1163. 1245). Building started in the year 1163 by Bishop Maurice of Sully . The towers are 69 m. High and later served as a model for Gothic churches. The south tower houses the bell Emmanuel, which can visit from the famous gallery of chimeras and gargoyles. The photo can be seen the magnificent buttresses. The cathedral is the protagonist the famous novel by Victor Hugo "The Hunchback of Notre Dame."

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Although in principle the shape of Gothic cathedrals is unmistakable, define the characteristics of style, no easy task. However, there are three main elements that give its unique gothic architecture personality: The Gothic arch or the dome flying buttresses and ribbed, these three elements the Gothic architects revolutionized medieval construction.

Cathedral Chartres (France). It began its construction in 1194 and was completed in just 30 years. century stained glass XII represent the largest collection of the world, measuring a total of 2,499 mts .

1 .- arch. The bow is
constructive element in a curved bridges the gap between two pillars or walls, is formed by wedges of stones, called segments which are placed in a radial and in the case of the pointed arch, typical of Gothic two curve segments intersect at the top or key, creating an acute angle.

"... The arch is considered one of the three distinctive elements of Gothic architecture , along with the vault and the flying buttress ..."
( http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_apuntado )

The use of the pointed arch or ogive is without doubt one of the most emblematic characteristic of Gothic architecture, is slimmer and lighter than the arch, characteristic of Romanesque architecture with its vertical achieved reduce lateral pressure and thus raise the height of buildings.
semicircular arches of the Romanesque were unsuitable to the Gothic architects, so that reinvents the pointed arch, previously known as the Muslim architecture. The pointed arch is used to build vaults, doors, windows and many decorative elements. Its advantage is that it could be more or less pointed in accordance with the requirements of the structure and in accordance with the height of buildings.
The use of the pointed arch has a dual role: 1 .- constructive, as it reduces lateral thrust enabling the development of lighter buildings and daring 2 .- plastic, because it gives the appearance buildings of vertical , projecting upward, typical Gothic style.

2 .- ribbed VAULT OR warheads.
A vault is a structure that serves to fill spaces. The roofing system made from Romanesque barrel vault or groin is replaced in the Gothic architecture very different from the other based on the use of warheads vault or ribbed .
"... We can define a groin vault (ie, geometrically generated by the perpendicular intersection of two barrel vaults, typical of the Romanesque) arches supported by two diagonal lines, the arches or warheads, which are cut in the key, in its final composition, the vault also consists of four pointed arches that fall, the two arch ribs arranged transversely to the axis of ship, and the two wall-arches arranged parallel to this axis. This set of arches, which are key to the same height, is the skeleton of the dome, the spaces between them are covered by four elements or panels formed by segments of stone. Each of the vaults Ribbed that lined up the shell of the ships of the buildings form a section of it ... "(" History of Art " Edt . Lafer . Volume 2, Page 192)
In summary we can say that the vault is formed by a series of arcs that cross function structure, hence its name. The number of edges can vary, leading to the existence of various types of vaults: quadripartite , sexpartite , crosslinked, star, fan. The pressure of the vaults reflected in the arches and pillars that support them, so their enclosure need not be solid enough with a masonry coating close spaces.

quadripartite vault .- formed by the junction of two arcs was used most pointed in the Gothic period.

Vault San Juan de Torum .- The shape and arrangement of arches or ribs can be varied and complex, reaching to take the Gothic Late intricate geometric designs, like the starry vault of San Juan.

By building a pressure vault is located on the pillars and thus the walls lose their support function, this leads to a much more light, which allowed the opening of large windows. church Saint - Denis , mid-century XII was first to use a vault with truly Gothic structure, as has been described.

3 .- MEDIA:
All vault has a double thrust, one vertical y otro transversal. Para solucionar la presión vertical se continúan utilizando los soportes internos conformados por las columnas y pilares. Para contrarrestar el empuje transversal, sabemos que la arquitectura románica utilizaba los contrafuertes, pero a medida que se va desarrollando el estilo gótico, los arquitectos recurrieron a unos soportes externos mucho más atrevidos llamados arbotantes .

Los Arbotantes.- Son la clave para construir los edificios altos y livianos propios del gótico. El arbotante es una especie de puente macizo que sujeta las bóvedas de las naves internas de la catedral, transmitiendo el punto de presión the buttresses of the exterior, allowing architects to open more windows to the walls of the building.
The use of flying buttresses "... completely changed the skyline, in store look great never seen before and will not be repeated in the History of Art, consisting of the presence, around a central body vaulted naves, a set of diagonal and vertical lines around it define a volume of space ... "(Art History, Volume 2, Edt . Lafer . Page , 193)

Cathedral Bourges (buttresses)

Indeed, the flying buttresses transmit lateral thrust vaults of buttresses, which, unlike the Roman, located far from the building's walls, they are free to open large windows decorated with stained glass multicolored, giving within a very bright and mystique .
The flyer was being used more frequently after century XII. Among the more innovative models are the Cathedral of Bourges , that of Chartres , of \u200b\u200b Amiens, Beauvais and Cologne. The buttresses also
also served to channel water from the rains, outfalls are decorated with figures of monstrous beings called gargoyles

Gargoyles of Notre Dame de Paris

Pillars. vertical thrusts of the vaults in the Gothic fall mainly on the pillars are much more stylized than the Romanesque and are usually cylindrical in shape and surrounded by semicolumnillas ,
These columns are increasing in numbers as it progresses on. At first, usually four or six in the isolated pillars. But then so are multiplying all the support shown as a bundle of cylinders which connect each to the arches or ribs of the dome.
The decomposition of the surface of the pillars in multiple columns plastic allowed to establish continuity between the ribs of the vaults and columns these , which highlighted the effect of verticality of the great cathedrals.

semicolumnillas Column , without capital of the collegiate Medina del Campo (Spain)

The capitals. Gothic The capital lacks the religious and architectural significance it had during the Romanesque period.
is presented in a much more simple and stylized, they first performed a conical drum-shaped foliage, later, as the Gothic develops, the capital is more small and delicate to disappear into a bundle of reeds which branches directly into the nerves of the mediate vault without solution of continuity in many cases (see photo above). century XIV figures and stories are allowed in the foliage but always with a lot more neatly than in the Romanesque Capital
Ducal Palace, Venice, there are figurines in the foliage.

4 .- .- PLANT
Plant Cathedral Chartres, France


are still using the same plants of the Romanesque churches, with the predominant the "Latin cross", but with significant modifications to the height and area. These usually have three ships, but you can find cathedral with five naves, the central nave being much higher than the side.
changes are experienced especially in the area of \u200b\u200bthe head, as the chapels, the apse and girolas semicircular no longer to be polygonal.

5 .- predominantly NIO VANOS ON THE WALLS.

Monastery Window of Bebenhausen

This is a great difference from the Romanesque, in effect changing the structure of the buildings allowed to open big holes or openings in the walls of the facades allowing the illumination of the same.

The buildings, designed as a framework of supports, arches and vaults, did not require the thick walls of Romanesque and multiplied accordingly then closing windows with colored glass. So the artists of the era could give free rein to their imagination by creating an art hitherto unknown as was the stained glass.

The windows are drawings made with countless pieces of glass, forming a sort of puzzle pieces together in a leaded-called lead frame, which is not serves only support but enhance the outline of the various figures of the whole. The colors used were very varied and in addition to glasses of different thickness used to increase the color gamut, finally complemented details brush tip.

The windows used to close large openings allow light entry between natural and mystical believers carrying a kind of celestial city. They were a very important chapter in the gothic and quickly spread throughout Europe, except Italy, which still decorate the walls of cathedrals with murals.

windows of the cathedral of Saint Denis, Paris.

The architectural decoration of the windows also highlights the tracery or crest, which was a geometric design carved in stone that was placed inside the pointed arches of the windows or inside the rosette .

doors. The temple gates are usually placed in the hands and feet of the cross. It continues to flare but now Romanesque arches are pointed and archivolts multiply. The eardrums are still decorated. On the cover we find the rose window that gives light and color scheme inside the temple.
The reason most commonly used on the covers are sculptures of the apostles located in canopies between the columns . They share a sense of weightlessness, which resembles heavenly guests. Cistercian churches and other smaller lacked imagery on the cover and just had a large arch decorated with simple flared beaded or any plant or geometric ornamentation.

5 .- .-
LIFT Gothic architects were pleased at building lean, projected into the sky and breathtaking proportions. The pointed arches, flying buttresses and pillars decomposed into columns connected to the ribs of the vaults were the determinants of this effect of verticality. In addition, the ornamental elements emphasized verticality, such as pinnacles or arrows targeted with which crowned the buttresses and especially the needles, which were nothing but the tops of the towers or steeples.
The French managed to live up to its cathedrals, mainly from their vaults supported by flying buttresses, while the Germans and English in a real rivalry to reach the sky created needles.

Notre Dame. Construction began in the year 1163 and was completed in 1270. What is most striking from the cathedral's west facade, with its twin towers that served as models for many gothic churches. Sues horizontal and vertical structural lines converge in the rosette, the covers are richly decorated with superb sculptures. It is the most famous church in France and perhaps the world, the protagonist of the novel by Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. "

Ulm Cathedral. is the tallest spire of the Cathedral of Ulm, Germany. Although the cathedral began construction in 1380 its spire of 160 feet - the summit of ambition Gothic - was completed after the projected five centuries, the cathedral is Cologne, with two needles of 150 meters. Outside Germany, the tallest spire is held Salisbury Cathedral 123 meters.

6 .- THE LIGHT.

Interior of the Cathedral of Saint Denis (France)

Gothic cathedrals are characterized by light, fiscal light coming through the windows while mystical, because this transfigured and colored by stained glass . This light that fills the space transforming it into a surreal and symbolic, is identified with the divinity and seeks to bring the faithful, in a experiential to religious values \u200b\u200bof the time. Thus "... The light is understood as the sublimation of divinity ... the school of Chartres light considered the most noble of natural phenomena, the less material element, the closest approximation to the pure form. The Gothic architect organizes a structure that allows, through wise use of the technique, using light, transfigured light, which dematerialized building elements, getting clear lift and weightless feeling .... "

( http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G% C3% B3tico )


rosette nustra Cathedral Dame

The gradual replacement of the walls and windows makes the birth of the art of stained glass, which allowed the passage a light color and nuanced, with great mystical effect. This was the preferred art of Europe, except Italy, which of course did not follow the fashion of opening large windows.

generally used bright colors and the figures are delineated with lead, giving an unrealistic and artificial air. The most beautiful stained glass windows are available in France, they are the example of the cathedral of Strasbourg and Rouen, in England we have the windows of the Cathedral of Cork and Spain, the cathedral of León.

A decorative element is very characteristic of the Gothic rose window, which is placed in the circular openings located on the heights of the facades. These are decorated inside by a tracery arranged radially .
tend to close windows and ceiling windows with magnificent polychrome that take the place of the monumental painting of the Romanesque period, which tends to disappear the lack of walls in Gothic buildings. Like painting and sculpture Romanesque, the Gothic windows served a didactic function and played as true visual Bibles bearing the message of God to all people
"The images of stained glass are mainly for the humble people who can not read the word of God to show you in what to believe ... Abbot Suger ("History of Architecture". Jonanthan Glancey. p. .54)

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE CIVIL
The development of urban life from the ages XI and XII , the political power of the great European royal dynasties and some aristocratic families and the emergence of bourgeoisie favored the development of a rich and varied secular architecture.
The powerful rise of urban and commercial life materialized mainly in Flanders, northern France, England, Germany, northern Italy and Catalonia , places where they built a wide range of civic buildings such as palaces, town halls , corporate houses, hospitals, etc. ..
both civil architecture in the military and without distinguishing between public and private buildings, were used in building and decorative formulas similar to those of the great religious buildings, arches, decorative openwork tracery, pinnacles, etc.

Palazzo Vecchio (Florence)

The term palace in the early centuries of the Middle Ages referred to the headquarters of the king or emperor, is extended to refer to public buildings residential sites lay and ecclesiastical princes, even the rich bourgeoisie. The same were a function of status symbol, is constructed to reflect the economic and social status of its owner. So beautiful houses were built as symbols of power of cities and wealth of its inhabitants, although the majority of the population, as yesterday, today and always, living in poor and unhealthy rooms.
most representative buildings were civilians COUNCILS, buildings or palaces HALLS public and for commercial purposes. The first floor used to have an open on the first floor is the municipal offices on upper floors and the apartments of the rulers of the city. The city councils of Florence, Venice, Siena, Montepulciano and Perugia in Italy are really impressive Perhaps the most iconic civic buildings are located in the Palazzo Ducale Piazza San Marco in Venice and the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence

Palazzo Ducale (Venice)

The auctions or palaces of the new commercial aristocracy were structured in flats superimposed on the ground floor were made of commercial activities and on the upper floors were housing. Among the finest Gothic buildings in commercial use, we have the cloth markets of Ypres and Bruges, both in Belgium, easy to understand, if we the cloth trade was the largest economic activity in the Netherlands.

Ypres. or Lakenhalle Cloth Hall

In turn, the English nobility built stone houses with courtyards, although they were very austere, had a wonderful decoration such as the Casa de las Conchas Salamanca.

La Casa de las Conchas .-

Wood Construction .-

Borgund Cathedral (Norway

Most of the Gothic buildings were built in stone and in places where there is none in enough, as in the Netherlands was replaced by brick. This, in large part by the fear of fire. However, the wood was widely used in building houses and smaller buildings.
Despite assertions In some countries like Norway and Sweden, covered with forests, the rule was amended and magnificent cathedrals were built of wood. The most famous and best preserved is the Cathedral of Borgund in Sogne Fjord Norway, built in 1150, it is unlike any other Christian churches in the world and worried so much as a Viking ship. Further, the church of Urnes (Norway), Lund (Sweden)

France: The first churches built in the new Gothic style found in France, such as the church of Saint-Denis and Notre-Dame, both in Paris, they represent the so-called Transitional Gothic style or First Gothic . As the remnants disappear Romanesque architecture, Gothic architecture is more pure Gothic style appears Classic, the cathedrals of Chartres, Amiens, Reims, and the Palace of the Popes in Avignon are within this framework. In all stands the striking use of light as a new architectural element creates a new atmosphere and supernatural, despite the use of stained glass and rose windows are maximized to the Gothic style Radiant "... The art of stained glass windows reached peak in the church of Sainte Chapelle in Paris, where windows are three-quarters of the wall ... "(Story of Painting" Wendy Beckett edt. Blume, pg. 40). Finally appears Framígero Gothic, used in the cathedral of Rouen.

Sa inte-Chapelle is considered one of the best Gothic representations of the Western world. Its construction began in 1248 on the Isle de la Cité in order of San Luis. Which it spent to host the crown of thorns and a part of the cross Cristo.La Sainte Chapelle is divided into two parts: the chapel floor (or less) dedicated to the Virgin and they could access the local people. The upper chapel (or higher) was reserved for royalty and she removed the large glass wall for representing religious scenes divided by thin columnas.En in 1862 was considered a National Historic Monument of France.

Amiens.-Cathedral Construction began circa 1220, this cathedral with a dome height of 42.30 m. and an internal length of 133.50 m. is the largest religious building in France and one of the most beautiful because of the Gothic decor late has remained almost intact. On the west side include, besides the three richly decorated doorways, the unique harmony and beauty of its numerous figures.

Avignon. Papal Palace-The city of Avignon was home to seven popes from 1309 to 1377, once the seat returned to Rome by the intervention of St. Catherine of Siena was the Great Schism and anti-popes Clement VII and Benedict XIII continued to live in Avignon. Papal Palace is the largest Gothic buildings of the Middle Ages, has 15,164 m2. overlooking the Rhone river and was decorated by Simone Martini and Matteo Giovadetti, among others. Part of the 10 most visited monuments in France.

.- English Gothic style In Early Inglés or have as the first Gothic cathedrals models to Canterbury and Salisbury. In the Perpendicular Gothic , Gothic features are fully developed and is characterized by fan vaults and by Tudor arch, such as Westminster Abbey and the University of Oxford and Cambridge.

.- Salisbury Cathedral was built during the 1220s to 1258, belongs to the style called Early Inglés. This cathedral is not only has the highest tower in England, 123 meters, but is the only built entirely in the same style. The architect Elias de Derham took the unusual circumstance of the green, flat meadow to create a symmetrical plant and clear. The Lady Chapel or Chapel of Santa Maria conveys a sense of elegance and distinction that can be described as one of the most beautiful early English Gothic.

University of Oxford.-The exact date of its foundation, however evidenced activity since 1096. Oxford's rival is the University of Cambridge, built shortly thereafter. Today Oxford are enrolled in more than 20,000 students mostly studying humanities and social sciences.

GERMANY .- The most perfect in German is the Gothic cathedral of Cologne and the highest is the cathedral of Ulm. We also have the Strasbourg Cathedral and a magnificent example of Gothic architecture and civil engineering: the door of Lubeck.

Colonia. Cathedral "The Cathedral of San Pedro and Maria is one of the most famous churches in Europe, was built between 1248 and 1880. Although architectural modes and styles evolved during the long construction period, the appearance of the largest Gothic church in Christendom was so powerful that only the original plans were modified. The avalanche of people who received daily in this church shows that his vision remains as impressive as before.

Holsten Gate .- The city of Lubeck, is located on the banks of the river Trave and has the largest port on the Baltic Sea. Maritime trade imposed on the city and became the economic capital of the Hanseatic League. The old built in Gothic brick was declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco. The door with two towers dating from the sixteenth century and is the emblem of Lubeck, not only synonymous with the city's physical strength but also the pride of the ancient queen of the Hanseatic League .

BELGIUM AND HOLLAND .- The great economic prosperity in the Netherlands explains the richness of its flamboyant Gothic architecture. Not only stands out for religious architecture but also for the civil, which was made possible by a rich bourgeoisie. Wonderful examples are the towns of Leuven, Bruges, Brusellas and guild houses or Halle des Drapiers slices of Ypres and Ghent spring herbs.

City Leuven .- The magnificent town hall is a gem of late Gothic Brabantine. The first stone dates from 1439 and was placed by the architect Van der Vorst Sulpice, after his death continued to Layens Mathijs Keldermans and finished it. The sleek lines are accentuated by the proportion of the facade. The vertical movement, so typical of Gothic is reinforced by corner towers. Is adorned with 236 statues made in the nineteenth century.

ITALY .- Gothic architectural language used in the rest of Europe, succeeding only in Italy. Often reject the technical and aesthetic innovations the new style. There is a tendency to see the horizon and moderate luminosity due to the discretion of the windows and glass doors. The towers and steeples are separated from the main building and the exterior walls have polychrome and its interior walls are beautifully decorated with frescoes. Examples are Siena's cathedral, the churches of Santa Cruz and Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Deserves special attention Giotto bell tower in Florence. Regarding the civil architecture also have the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, the Palazzo Ducale in Venice and the Palace of Siena .

.- Siena Cathedral is a church without buttresses charged with front articulated horizontal base line along the wall. The strength of the Italian Gothic arch can be seen in the arches used in the three gates of the western facade are semicircular, but crowned with Gothic gables. Also are semicircular arches inside.
The polychrome façade above wearing a rose window framed in a square.



.- Giotto bell tower, which began in 1337 and Giotto finished Andrea Pisano and Francesco Talenti, is a solid structure of about 85 m. The imposing tower is elegant and harmonious through the windows, which have one or two columns. The tower is completely covered with marble white, green and pink. The base is divided into two zones: one with panels and bas-reliefs representing the Arts and Humanities Works by Andrea Pisano and Luca della Robbia and the other part is decorated with niches with statues (now, many originals are the "Museo dell ' Opera del Duomo "), devoted to the sacraments, the virtues and liberal arts. It is possible to climb the bell tower, from where it is a magnificent panorama of Florence.

SPAIN .- are examples of English Gothic cathedrals of Burgos, León and Toledo. The thirteenth century represents the peak English Gothic and built the purest manifestations of the style. During the XV and XVI, while in Italy developed the Renaissance, in Spain the Gothic activity is overwhelming.

.- Catedral de Toledo (1226-1465) As usual in most cathedrals, it also worked for generations. The master architects came from Flanders, France and of course the Muslim world. The Arab influence in Spain, which is designated a "Mudejar" is seen for example in the abstract and small ornaments that cover large areas.