"... These schools are noted as characteristic notes concerns about the representation of depth, which leads to the study of perspective classical anatomical studies based on knowledge of the natural and, through gesture or attitude, the representation of mood states and the recovery of light in determining the tonal nuances of color and harmony of the color gamut. Moreover, the development of the Franciscan religious determines greater attention to the representation of feeling, seeking attract the attention of the viewer, arousing emotion, which then stops at the technical analysis of the means used to achieve the paintings, which are endowed, each day more of an intellectual under deep scientific knowledge needed to carry it out ... "(History of Art" Jose Maria de Azcarate Ristori et al. Edt. Anaya. PAAG. 214)
is considered the initiator of the Florentine school and one of the greatest Italian painters of the late XIII . Although he was an artist with a strong Byzantine influence, tried to break free from traditional flat image Byzantine icons giving his characters more naturalistic. Among his works are the frescoes in the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi, which are badly deteriorated and the tiles made in the cathedral of Pisa. It kept several altarpieces attributed his person with the issue of Maestá , ie, the Virgin seated on a throne surrounded by angels and the Child in the legs, as well as a Byzantine tendency crucifixes. was Master Giotto .
Cimabue. "Maestá di Santa Trinita" (Uffizi Gallery, Florence) His most famous work was conducted between 1285 and 1286 in tempera on wood (385 x 223 cm ), was originally in the Church of the Holy Trinity in Florence. Virgin is a type of odegitria , pointing to the Child as a way of salvation. At the base are the prophets Jeremiah, Abraham , David e Isaiah, the scrolls are referred to the virginity of Mary and Christ's redemptive role . On both sides of the throne the angels appear in overlapping planes and perfectly symmetrical. Byzantine influence is evident in the hieratic figures, as well as the use of a gold background . However, depth achieved by the three dimensional shape of the throne and the position of the angels. The faces of the prophets are very expressive and realistic, the soft folds of the dress of the Virgin also announced the new technique. It is a clear example of the "maniera greca", ie Italian painting developed during the Gothic and Byzantine influence marked.
Cimabue. Fresco. Church of St. Francis of Assisi . The Virgin and San Francisco. is a type of Virgin odegitria , she appears enthroned with the Child seated on her left leg. The blue background represents the sky. All figures, including St. Francis of Assisi displayed with the golden halo of holiness, typical of Byzantine painting. The b asylee San Francisco was declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco . Your Shopping was also entrusted to Giotto, Simone Martini, Pietro Lorenzetti and other great painters of the time . The custom of using Cimabue white lead in paint mixture has made the color over time deteriorate and blackening the white oxide.
Cimabue. Crucifix, Tempera on wood. This crucifix reveals Byzantine influence, his this glazed surface and all highlighted in gold finely .
Cimabue. Maestá . Louvre Museum. has strong resemblance to the work of Duccio . The Byzantine aspect is mitigated by the pose of the Virgin and the depth achieved by the throne. The angels give symmetry to the composition.
Giotto .- (1267-1337)
There characters and events in history to make a change, a before and after, in this sense, the most emblematic of all is no doubt Jesus. Respecting
distances can say, for example in modern music that change was given by the Beatles . The French Revolution also meant a dramatic change, real and absolute power disappeared as such and established a system of control, thanks to the tripartite division of powers.
In painting, this change represents emblematic Giotto , so we can talk about the painting before Giotto and painting after Giotto . With it comes an entirely new era for plastic with the rediscovery of the illusion of depth on a flat surface. His most famous works are the frescoes of the Chapel or Arena Chapel Scrovegni in Padua . Giotto was the painter and architect's most famous fourteenth century . In representing the human figure away from the Byzantine tradition, two-dimensional flat in search of naturalism and the characters drawn with broad, rounded, full of expression in a clear reflection of nature. The looks are important, as they reflect the human dramas.
"It was the first artist from the Middle Ages in overcoming the rigidity of forms that characterized Byzantine art. also was the first who cared to include the characters of his paintings in a visually comprehensible and full space of naturalness. To do this, focused all his interest in the way of placing the human figure in space, describe your physical movement and translate the direct expression of psychic tension ... " ( Giotto . Anne Mueller Von der Haegen .. Edt. Konemann )
He opposed the bright colors and mannerisms produced by the elongation of the figures, thus achieving a more calm and realistic.
All his work is religious theme, but focuses on the human, in reality, rather than the divine and ideal-a revolutionary for the time dominated by religion.
Use real scenarios to locate her scenes, whether landscapes or frames architecture, but these structures appear as boxes or false, since it could not reach full development perspective. However his work forward to his time and had to wait a century to Masaccio resume his teaching on representation of the human figure and the real world.
Giotto di Bondone . The Adoration of the Kings. Fresco of the Scrovegni Chapel , Padua 1304-1306. (200 x 185 cm) .- The painting of the Virgin's mantle, now damaged, was blue, symbolizing Mary as queen of heaven. Giotto emphasizes the role of Christ as "King of Kings" to discover, in humility, the king's head Gaspar, his crown on the floor beside him. To the right of the Virgin an angel receives gifts that kings took gold, frankincense and myrrh. Kings Gaspar , Melchor and Baltasar approach the child according to their chronological age. Camels with blue eyes and curious ears indicate the possibility Giotto that had never seen a real one, the boy who's subject is a splendid detail and demonstrates the ability of the artist to suggest the character of people. All characters except for the carrier that deals with animals, devotedly serve the Child, this contrast in attitudes, Giotto emphasizes the effect of the main scene is the worship of the Child. It uses a real scenery of mountains rock and a refuge or assembly of wood. The star that guides the kings, is but the comet Halley , which appeared in 1301 and was captured by Giotto with obvious realism with its tail on fire.
Giotto .- The Madonna of Ognissanti . The table represents Mary as an intercessor between man and God. The Madonna sits on a throne stunning architecture, the composition is completely symmetrical. The face of the Virgin has lost Byzantine rigidity and appears more human looking at viewer. Their larger size is due to being the most important figure. Each of the kneeling angels holding a vase of lilies white and red roses, symbols of purity and pain of Mary standing angels holding the crown, symbol of the queen of heaven. 4 bearded prophets peek behind the throne, his presence links the Old Testament prophecies with the new sound of the Gospels. It shows the influence of Cimabue in composition, but is unique in the humanization the face of the Virgin . The intensity of the eyes is extraordinary and the viewer focuses on the veneration in Maria and her son.
Giotto .- The Kiss of Judas. Scrovegni Chapel , Padua, Italy. Fresco (200 x 185 cm). the Arena Chapel was conducted for the purpose of atoning for the sins of the father of Enrico Scrovegni , a notorious usurer. Giotto had an extraordinary ability to locate the scene at the moment of greatest excitement. In the frozen time work appears in the betrayal, when Judas identifies Jesus with a kiss. Christ and Judas are the only personal stationary for the purposes to give more drama to the scene. The faces of each of the characters clearly demonstrates the feelings you have. Christ stares at his disciple knowing who is being betrayed. Peter, on the left in defense of his master, cut the ear of the soldier, which was miraculously restored by Jesus, according to the Scriptures.
Duccio di Boninsegna .- (1255/1260-1319), painter of tremendous force belonging to the school Siena . Over the centuries XIII and XIV the cities of Siena and Florence vied not only in politics but also in the splendor of their art and so, if Giotto revolutionized art in his native Florence, Duccio was responsible for the change in Siena. His religious work is characterized by the sensitivity of the drawing, the ability of the composition, quality decorative and greater emotional intensity than the Byzantine model. His figures seem to have volume and their clothes fall in wavy lines and fluid that can perceive the corporeal forms
His most famous work and is signed only Maestá , commissioned for the cathedral of Siena in 1308, a large altarpiece painted on both sides, it was installed in the cathedral in the middle by a procession and great fanfare, but was subsequently fragmented and sold by pieces, partly because it was not appreciated. The only positive of this disaster is that you can admire many of the tables belonging to the works in museums around the world.
Duccio .- Jesus calling the Apostles .- . (1308-1311). 43 x 46 cm. Part of the masterpiece of Maestá . Space is divided into three parts: a golden sky, a sea-green in which highlights the apostles Peter and Andrew and a rocky coast in which Jesus appears . The brothers Peter and Andrew have been fishing all night in vain, Jesus cries out to re-cast the net, they obey a miracle happens and fishing. Pedro looks inquisitively Jesus and Andrew still remains before the miracle. The suit is red Jesus, symbol of passion. The golden halo represents the deity and is of Persian origin, refers to the power and brilliance of the sun, the halo first appears in Christian art century IV. Here the three halos appear carved on wood, characteristic of Gothic art. Gospel According to Jesus calls these fishermen to become "fishers of men", the full net full suggests fruitful apostolic mission . Duccio not give importance to the three-dimensional space , the boat appears as a toy big enough to accommodate the fishermen.
.- Duccio Madonna in Majesty. (1285 approx.). Tempera on wood (450 x 290 cm) Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Also known as the Rucellai Madonna. Although it follows the pattern Byzantine, and observed the characteristics of Gothic. The throne passed three-dimensional architecture and elegant folds of the hanger seems to respond to French taste .
Simone Martini. (Siena, Italy 1284 - Avignon, France 1344). He was one of the great painters of the Italian Trecento, belonging to the school of Siena, The highlight of his work is the great command of color and taste for the line. His works maintain a taste for Byzantine, especially the abundant use of gold, nevertheless, the line winding path, greater naturalism and expressiveness of the figures mark in the Gothic style.
work Martini in Siena, his birthplace, in the court of Robert of Anjou in Naples and the Papal court of Avignon. Its influence will be crucial in the international gothic style. Martini ocher colors have always been associated with Siena, it recalls the tone of the Tuscan land, hence these colors are called natural and Siena Siena toast.
Simone Martini, The Annunciation 1333. (265 x 305). Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Gothic Italian, Sienese School. The figures are stylized and wavy lines, especially the Virgin in an "S". Maria is removed frightened by the angel, she is dressed in blue color representing the sky. In this work, the Archangel Gabriel does not support the traditional lily, symbol of purity, because this flower was the emblem of Florence, Siena's rival and instead carries an olive branch. However Lily appears in a vase at the center of the work. The Holy Spirit as a dove, announces the divine conception. Appear at the ends and Santa Catalina San Ansano, patrons of Siena, the medallions above show the prophets. The words according to the Gospel of Luke Archangel Gabriel recited the table are written in "Ave Maria, gratia plena, dominus tecum" (Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you). In this work is seen more clearly dual influences on the artist moving one hand the gold background and halo of sanctity that we refer to the "way greca", ie the Byzantine manner, on the other one breathes a modern air by the sinuosity line and movement especially in the figure of the angel, which in spite of sitting and kneeling before the Virgin, it seems that still accompanies celestial wind, blowing on his cloak, let us note also the form "S" Virgin, the Gothic. Pure poetry made paint.
.- Simone Martini Road to Calvary. 1335 .- Louvre Museum (30 x 20 cm). Trecenta Gothic style, Sienese school. Is seen Christ carrying the cross, is dressed in the typical red color of passion and death. The most significant detail of the painting is Mary Magdalene with her arms high. This work shows how Martini has assimilated the findings of Giotto, in particular the composition of the figures, the faces of grief and use a real arquitetónico decorated, despite the golden background of the sky.
Simone Martini .- (details) 1328. Fresco (340 x 968 cm.) Palazzo Publico (town hall). Siena, Italy. It represents the triumph of Captain Giudoriccio da Fogliano Montemassi to conquer. Most notable is the extraordinary Martini minuiciosidad that describes the military camp of thatched huts and the castle. The captain and his horse wear the distinctive colors of heraldry. But the real star of the fresco is the background scenery, an extension made only with the colors "raw sienna" and "burnt sienna" that complement harmonizing with the blue sky.
0 comments:
Post a Comment