Greek architecture .- Greek
The main buildings are:
THE TEMPLE:
The king of Greek architecture is conceived as the temple abode of the gods, its interior was reserved to house the statue of the patron deity and which only allowed access to the priests. Greek temples did not fulfill the duties of a church as a meeting place of the faithful in prayer, for it was built to be admired only from outside.
Indeed, the role of the Greek temple was usually host the hieratic and impressive image of the god in whose honor was built, the priests and priestesses were responsible for performing the rites sacred as the men gathered outside before the porch.
The Greek temple was created as rudimentary wooden and adobe buildings erected in the woods. Ancient myths refer to shrines built outdoors. Apollonius of Rhodes wrote that "... Argonauts stopped at an island where prepared (for Apollo) in a shady forest, a splendid venue and an altar built of stacked stones ..." ("Greece from Mycenae to the Parthenon, Henri Stierlin , edt. Taschen.pag 40).
In this regard, we note that many trees were attributed to the gods: Athena was identified with the olive the laurel Apollo, Zeus with oak Dionysus with grapes ... the wooden temples were built to honor the god for sites populated by trees.
Later, during the Archaic period the temple was petrified, resulting in a strictly mathematical technique that spans from Asia Minor to the Magna Grecia in southern Italy. Thus, the old wooden buildings are ennobled with marble and the room indented or "cell" is surrounded on one side and later on all sides by "Peristyle" a series of columns forming a portico around the sanctuary. This colonnade surrounding one of its most distinctive features of the Greek temple and the sacred world communicates of the cella to the outside world of nature.
It is obvious the association between the temple and sacred grove. The peristyle or portico períptero represents the forest and has its origin in the free worship the gods and the aforementioned primitive wooden constructions. Varro, described the inauguration of a shrine stressing that "... the temple is a limited space with trees ..." ("Greece from Mycenae to the Parthenon, Henri Stierlin, edt. Taschen.pag. 41). Consequently, for the Greek temple was nothing more than a sanctuary surrounded by sacred trees.
From the above, it is easy to conclude that the colonnade is the recollection periptera or evocation of the sacred grove. "... The exterior colonnade or portico recalls surrounding vegetation, whose stems and trunks sprout from the ground to form, under sunlight, a place of convergence among men and divinities, a loop between earth and sky. The peristyle of the temple embodies, therefore, the sacred forest, the memory saved sanctuaries across the mutation that represents the stage of "petrified" of the structures built when the temple is built entirely on hard, first in blocks of tufa and then crystal surfaces marble ... "(" Greece from Mycenae to the Parthenon, Henri Stierlin, edt. Taschen.pag. 41 and 42)
Greek temple features .-
1.-Materials: early architecture was made of wood and mud or clay, which no remains are preserved. Subsequently incorporate other materials such as stone and marble with which they were created magnificent temples. The roofs were covered with wood and tiles.
lintel 2 .- Architecture: It uses a structure called horizontal lintel or architrave to cover the space between two pillars or columns.
In the history of architecture, three elements structural factors that have given rise to three types of buildings. The first and most basic is the threshold, giving rise to the lintel and lintel architecture used for example in dolmens, Egypt and Greece, the second is the arc that made the vaulted architecture and the third discovery was the use of steel and concrete of modern varieties with which it forms an internal skeleton that allows buildings to have the most different and daring ways. The Greeks, as noted above lintel architecture adopted for the construction of their temples, however know a sort of vault (Mauselo of Atreus).
3 .- Column: The basic element of Greek architecture and grace is the column 
as to its characteristics we can distinguish three styles: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, which will be explained later.
"... Everything Greek monument is based on the column. Of force or rely upon this slender proportions of the church. The ratio between the diameter and height of the column, called by the Greeks ratio module, forms the building. With his concern for clarity and unity, the Greeks fell to three architectural expressions: nobility, grace and luxury, correspuestas by three orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian ... " ("History of Art." Germain Bazin. Edic. Omega, pág.74)
The column is composed of three elements: based, shaft and capital.
The based is the foot or bottom of the column which supports the shaft.
The shaft is the main body of the column. The Greeks built by attaching cylindrical sections one above the other, protruding central part in order that the visual perspective does not seem disproportionate to perform them, also their thickness was decreasing from the bottom up.
The capital, derived from the Greek word meaning head hood and is at the top of the column, serves to support the horizontal entablature, although their forms are very different, they usually have three parts: the collar piece that joins the shaft, a drum or main body usually ornate and an abacus, upper part which supports the lintel.
4 .- peristyle or colonnade periptera: is a series of columns surrounding the cella or room which houses the divine image, forming a portico that runs along the entire temple, and as explained above, evokes the sacred forest, petrified at the prospect of permanence. The gates are the entrance that connects nature with the divine world. Arguably, the peristyle is the main contribution of the Greeks to the architecture.
not be confused with the Roman peristyle courtyard house surrounded by columns and adorned with fountains.
Temples of Paestum, a city of so-called Magna Grecia in southern Italy, dedicated to the gods Poseidon (front) and Hera (back). They are very well preserved, because they suffered from the onslaught of the Persian invasions and Greece. Note the number of columns that make up the two colonnades and whose function is to support the architrave. Archaic Period, Doric.
ornamental sculpture .- 5 .- The Greek temples were decorated with reliefs of the pediments and friezes, which not only meet aesthetic work, but also had a philosophical function.
The study of ornamental sculpture of the temples reveals the beliefs of the Greeks and indicates that there is a universe in which man is surrounded by gods and monsters.
Thus the struggle against the Lapita centaurs, the struggle of giants, the labors of Hercules, the fight against the Amazons deal with the eternal confrontation between good and evil, of civilization against barbarism, of reason against the irrational. The temple is then to represent the balance between these two forces. Recreation
pediment and the metopes of the Parthenon sculpted and painted.
6 .- Architecture .- polychrome While it is true that today we are seduced by the white marble of Greek temples, glittering in the sunlight, at the time were enriched by chromatic effects.
Archaeologists and historians from the studies presented in 1762 which concluded that the Greek temples were multicolored. Are now fully demonstrated that Greek architecture was not a product of pale marble art, but it offered rich nuances and eg triglyphs and metopes funds could be a blue and red capitals and architraves. The temple and the reliefs were covered with a thin layer of plaster on which the colors were applied.
7 .- .- Aesthetics Symmetria The aesthetics of Greek buildings was closely related to the value that Pythagoras gave the numbers. ".. The number is the beginning of all things. It represents the eternal nature of reality. The number pre-exist in the spirit of God and the divine number is at the origin of rhythm and harmony, which depends on the relationship between proportions. The numbers are that give the work its beauty and perfection ... "(" Greece. From Mycenae to the Parthenon. "Henri Stierlin. Edt.Taschen, p. 61)
This conception of number, proportion is what the Greeks called" Symmetria " understood as a system of proportions that tends to balance and harmony of the building. This law applies not only result in the architecture, but music rules the entire universe. From there the squadron, inspired by the mathematician Pythagoras, is the tool of architects.
"... By combining the relative dimensions (height, width, thickness) of the various elements, that is the support (column) the interval (between the columns) and the sustained surface (the entablature), could achieve, according to his genius, the effects of rhythm and harmony that are the architecture itself, conceived by the Greeks as the science of numbers ... "(" History Art. "Germain Bazin. Edic. Omega, pág.74)
ELEMENTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE .-
The temple is built on a rectangular or basement platabanda low-rise consists of three steps, the last one is called stylobate. About this stylobate rises the ships - a enclosure which will use the figure of the god, and the portico formed by a series of columns that form the peristyle and completely surrounding the temple.
columns can have different forms according to the three Greek orders (Doric, Ionian and Corinthian). They are the support of lintel or header, a horizontal piece that connects them to each other. In some cases the front column heights can be replaced by women, or Caryatids.
rests on the columns entablature entablature This in turn is composed of three parts: architrave, frieze and cornice.
For the three angles of a triangular pediment ornaments are raised very differently sculpture called acroteria . Lastly
temple is covered with a gabled roof and drains are shaped gargoyle or animal heads whose mouths came the water.
Greek temples were usually rectangular, except for a circular tholos surrounded by a colonnade.
The Tholos at Delphi. This circular building was constructed between AD 380 and 360 BC It has 20 Doric columns arranged in a circle outside diameter 14.76 meters, with 10 Corinthian columns inside. Three of the Doric columns were restored, improving the aesthetics of the monument, making it the most iconic and photographed temple of Delphi.
Theatre .-
was a civilian building for the celebration of performances and dramatic performances, every Greek city had an outdoor theater built on a hill on which the stands were cut in a semicircular shape, so that the natural inclination of the terrain would allow viewers the full picture of the stage. The theaters were built with a simplicity and economy and had remarkable elements of three parts: the bleachers for spectators, circular orchestra for the choir and a scene before a wall decorated architecturally. These buildings were dedicated to the god Dionysus. Examples: the theater of Dionysus at the Acropolis, the Theatre of Epidaurus, the theater of Herod ...
Greek Theatre Epidaurus. (IV century BC) built by Polykleitos, the young, for Asclepeia holiday celebration in honor of the god Asclepius or Aesculapius, the god of medicine. Tests were performed gymnastics, theater and music concerts. It consists of a 20-meter circular orchestra diameter, a semicircular tiers carved into the slope of the land, suitable to receive 14,000 spectators and a building or scene in ruin. The sound is extraordinary and you hear the voice actors from the last step. Had two types of steps, some with backs and arms for other personalities and simple for the people. Are currently giving performances. The city of Epidaurus became the largest treatment center of antiquity.
Odeon of Herodes Aticus Hellenic Period .- .- Built on the Acropolis of Athens by the Roman consul Herodes Aticus in the year 161, in honor of his wife. It had capacity for 5,000 spectators and is currently remodeling and present musical and other measures as the Miss Universe 1973.
Agora .- Among the buildings major public utility is the agora or public square, an open space used for social gatherings, meetings, markets and even was used by teachers to teach their disciples, was usually surrounded by the most important buildings of the city. The agora is an urban invention of the Greeks and has its equivalent in the Roman Forum.
"... The Agora was the center of the commercial, political, religious, social administration and Athens and was the place where the Athenians gathered to exchange ideas and goods, learn, discuss, criticize the government or simply to talk . In short, the Athenian agora was the place where democracy was conceived the first History. In the Agora were administrative buildings, temples, public utilities, courts, theaters, schools, libraries and portals ("stoas') ..."
( www.guiadegrecia.com/images/agora-5.jpg )
The bouleterion or Council of Five Hundred was the real administrative or governing body of Athenian democracy. Worked in the council chamber, court and other public offices. Unfortunately not retain any of these buildings.
At first the Boule was composed of 400 advisers at the time increased Cleisthenes to 500. They were chosen annually by lot from among citizens over 30 years and received a salary of five coins or mites. The Greeks also built
stages for the celebration of sports, the oldest is in Olympia in the Peleponeso, there were the first Olympic Games in 776 BC The stadium had about 200 meters long. Gyms and indoor lectures perimeter and without covers that served as a sports center, cultural and social. Over time, the sports concept of the arena, where they fought and box was extended and its headquarters is also carried on philosophical discussions. Racecourses, where they held horse racing and other buildings as bridges, fountains, etc. .
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