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Hellenistic period .-

is the lapse from the time the Alexandrian empire until the death of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, this stage meant the disappearance of the Polis or city- states to set up a political unit under Macedonian rule.
With the expansion of the Alexandrian empire, Greek culture is universalized, but also adapts and supports the contributions East. Features
Hellenistic sculpture:
At this time the ideals of harmony, as and balance of classical Greece are replaced by new values. At this time it seeks to represent the individual, the picturesque or the dramatic.
is more naturalistic sculpture even to the realism, it accentuates the facial expressions.
There is more flexibility in the positions of the body, a foreshortened it rotates in all directions, reflecting the movement.
It enriches the subject, and not only represent gods and heroes of beautiful bodies are sculpted but everyday people like children and the elderly. Picture emerges as an effect of individualism and the observation of reality.
The female nude is more sensual and human.
is a tendency to monumentality Egyptian.

During the Hellenistic period most of the sculptors are lost in the anonymity by working for schools, the best known are:

School of Athens .-

The city of Athens despite of being overwhelmed by the economic crisis and the loss of supremacy, made big plays in what is called Neo-Attic. Especially outstanding sculptors and Leochares Apolunios, authors of the torso and the Apollo Belvedere. This school is notable for the extreme realism, the most represented theme is portraits and pictures of children and the elderly.

El Apolo de Belvedere.- Época Helénica atribuida a Leocares 2.24 cm. Museos Vaticanos. Copia romana en mármol de su original en Bronce. Fue considerada la mejor escultura griega durante el renacimiento y el periodo neoclásico, el ideal estético del mundo occidental. Representa al dios Apolo en el momento en que dispara su arco para acabar con el monstruo Pitón, la figura lleva el struphium, una banda simbólica del poder de los dioses y reyes. La parte superior de su brazo derecho fue restaurado durante el renacimiento. El nombre se debe al sitio de Belvedere donde fue expuesta por primera vez.

El torso de Belvedere.- Hellenic Period. Apolunios. Vatican Museums. This fragment maimed human body is signed by "Apolunios, son of Nestor, Athenian, although not much is known about the author, and even discussed whether the original work is a Hellenistic or Roman copy. During the Renaissance was seen next to the Apollo Belvedere and the Laocoon as the best examples of Greek art and the world, yet the success of the "Torso", as it is commonly called is more academic than popular. Her twisted posture is a clear example of foreshortening and had great influence on Michelangelo. Possibly represents the hero Hercules, the picture features a male body muscle perfect which suffered mutilation rather than undermine its value enhance the dynamism and manhood.

The Venus de Milo. (approx. 130 BC) Marble. The Venus de Milo is one of the most emblematic works of the Hellenistic period and perhaps the most widespread Greek work. Represents the ideal of feminine beauty. The work was found by a farmer on the island of Milos and sold to France in 1820, was also found near part of the arm with an apple, recalling the Judgement of Paris. Discord had thrown a golden apple to be given to the goddess more beautiful as God meant to antagonize any goddesses, was chosen to Paris son of king of Troy as a judge. The goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite offered to reward the mortal, the first offered to be king, the second, invincible in war, and Aphrodite as his wife gave him the most beautiful woman on earth. Paris chose Aphrodite and she rewarded him with the love of Helen, wife of Agamemnon. The abduction of Helen was the cause of the famous Trojan War. The work done at the end of Hellenistic period accuses influence of Praxiteles and Phidias.

El Niño de la Oca .- Hellenic Period, Boeto of Chalcedon .- Louvre Museum (Roman copy) the original group in bronze is a pyramid scheme. The soft flesh of the child realistic contrast with the feathers of the goose, giving the work a tone playful.

El Niño de la Espina .- also called the Spinario. The very simple, everyday item enters what is called "Sculpture of Gender", a child sits, removing a thorn that has stuck in my foot. Is associated with the shepherd boy Martius, who in charge of carrying a message, it does anta t care, that only stops to pull out the thorn .-

Crone drunk .- Roman copy of an original 200 BC (92 cm) Museum of Munich. Exceptionally well the realism achieved in the Hellenistic period. Gaunt and wrinkled old woman sitting on the ground, the decline is evident in the right shoulder where the dress appears broken. Bring a bottle adorned with ivy, the wine god Dionysus. It is possible that it is a prostitute who hetaira or losing their charm for age, drunk their sad reality.

School of Pergamum .-

Pergamon is home of the "baroque Pergamiano." Teachers esclpen moments of great drama and its figures reflect pain and feeling . The school located in Asia Minor was characterized by his great compositions of great strength pathetic example is the relief of the "Altar of Jupiter", which is the subject of Gigantomaquia or fight of the gods against the giants. Also commemorating the war against the Gauls raid on Celtic with six statues which represented high drama and dignity to the defeated Gauls.

Dying Gaul .- School .- Hellenistic Pergamum. Possibly this sculpture with other as Gaul killing his wife was part of a series to commemorate the victory over the Celtic tribes. This book shows the drama typical of this school and the foreshortening of the body.

Galo committing suicide .- Pergamon School. Helénico. Period-To commemorate the victory of the battle against the Gauls Caicos, Attalus I did sculpt a series of sculptures in which it defeated with great nobility. In the Gaul and his wife committing suicide, the work of great drama, it appears the soldier up in the moment digs his sword after killing his wife, to avoid the humiliation of being turned into slaves.

The great frieze of the altar of Zeus at Pergamum. (120 mts.) It represents the battle of the Olympian gods against the giants for dominance of the universe. It's actually a metaphor of a historic victory Eumenes II, king of Pergamum against Celtic or Galatians. The drama and the pain in the anatomy of the figures are insurmountable. In the group of Zeus, the god fight three giants and launches his thunderbolt against one of them is injured.

The great frieze of the altar of Zeus at Pergamum .- Walls this religious monment have over 100 sculptures that represent the struggle of the Olympian gods with giants. The school of Pergamum, Hellenistic baroque symbolizes so ornate and pompous expressions of the scenes and very dramatic.

.- Portrait of Homer School Pergamum, Hellenistic .- (55 cm.) (Roman copy in marble). The author of the Iliad and the Odyssey is depicted as a blind man. Despite being the most important Greek poets his biography is a mystery. In the seventeenth century there is the "Homeric question", namely the controversy over the authorship of the poems, and even goes on to state that they are fruits of the assembly of works from various sources.

Rhodes School .-

The school located on the Greek island of the same name for the sake caractrizaba to the colossal. Here we built one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World "The Colossus of Rhodes, a gigantic sculpture that was located at the entrance of the port, now defunct, which shows the taste for the monumental nature of the school. Rhodes also distinguished by the high drama of the figures and contorted movement or foreshortening and expressiveness, such as "The Laocoon and his sons", a work that emphasizes the Baroque Greek.

Laocoon and his sons .- (2.45 m) white marble. Vatican Museum. Hellenistic period .- It is a Greek original found in 1506 on land that had been part of the Palace of the Emperor Titus. Miguel Angel helped identify it as the work described by Pliny the Elder. When he found he lacked the right arm of Laocoon, he's one of the sons, the hand of another child, and parts of the snakes, Miguel Angel proposed restoring and even held the arm of Laocoon but never colocársele. In 1905 he found his arm, as Michelangelo had sculpted and restored the work. This statue of the school of Rhodes was admired and copied during the Renaissance. Represents the priest Laocoon and their children devoured by two sea snakes, which were deserving punishment for trying to warn the Trojans of the danger of the famous Trojan horse. The figures appear in different scale, reminiscent of Egyptian art that gave the larger figure. This work follows the pyramid and the most noticeable feature is the foreshortening, the bodies turn its central axis masterfully.


Victory of Samothrace .- Rhodes School (approx. 180 BC) (3.30 mts.) Marble. Louvre Museum. This work represents the original Greek goddess of victory Nike, which is on the prow of a ship. The conception of the work thrown forward in fight against a strong wind, Nike gives a moving and intense drama. The garment was made with wet cloths technique previously used by Phidias, ie the tunica attaches to the body and becomes transparent as if wet. Nike takes two dresses that were once clearly distinguished by the colors applied to each. Possibly sculpted to commemorate the victory of the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Scipio (brother of Scipio Africanus) over Antiochus III, king of Syria.

School of Alexandria .-

U ocated in Egypt. In this city founded by Alexander the Great was built one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, now defunct, "The Lighthouse of Alexandria." This school combined elements Egyptians with the Greeks. Made several allegories, the most famous "The Nile", which represents the river as a human figure, surrounded by other elements that identify it. Also specialized in grotesque figures as dwarfs, alluding to the theater and comedy.

Allegory of the Nile - School of Alexandria. Hellenic Period .- This is a sculpture of a reclining old who personifies the river Nile, it carries a cornucopia and symbols fertilize the land, like the Sphinx, the 16 children symbolize the river's tributaries.