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famous engineer

Hardy Cross,

1885-1959, born in Nansemond County, Virginia, was an American engineer and creator of the moment distribution method for structural design of large concrete buildings armed. The general method was the method used from 1935 until 1960 when he was replaced by other methods. This made possible the efficient and safe design of many reinforced concrete buildings during an entire generation. He earned a degree in civil engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1908 and then joined the Department of Missouri Pacific Railroad bridges in St. Louis, where he remained for a year after he returned to Norfolk Academy in 1909. After a year of graduate studies at Harvard he was awarded the MCE degree in 1911. Hardy Cross developed the distribution method currently working at the University of Harvard. He later became assistant professor of civil engineering at Brown University, where she taught for seven years.

After a brief return to the general practice of engineering, he accepted a position as professor of structural engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1921. At the University of Illinois, Hardy Cross developed his method of moment distribution and influenced many young civil engineers. Students in Illinois lasted a while arguing with him because of the fact that he was hard of hearing. The exact structural analysis for building large concrete frames in the 1950's was a formidable task. This is a tribute to the engineering profession, and Hardy Cross, which had few failures. When the engineers had to calculate the stresses and deflections in statically indeterminate frame, they inevitably turned to what was generally known as "time sharing" or "Hardy Cross method." In the method of distribution of time fixed in the final moments the forming members are gradually distributed to adjacent members in a number of steps such that the system eventually reaches its own natural balance. however the method was still an approximation, but could be solved to be very close to the real solution. Today

method "moment distribution" is not so commonly used because computers have changed the way engineers evaluate the structures and programs time distribution are rarely created today. The structural analysis software today is based on the flexibility method, the method of the stiffness matrix or finite element methods. Another method of Hardy Cross is also famous for modeling flows in water supply networks complex. Until recent decades, this was the most common method for solving such problems. He received numerous honors. Among them a degree of Honorary Master of Arts, Yale University, the Lamme medal of the American Society of Engineering Education (1944), Wason medal of the American Concrete Institute (1935), and the Gold Medal of the Institution Structural Engineers of Great Britain (1959).

Carl Hanns Bandel.


(May 3, 1925 Dessau, Germany - December 29, 1993 Aspen, Colorado). Bandel Hannskarl's father was an architect who owned a construction firm, and his mother came from the Bechtel family, who owned the construction giant of the same name. This may have been a contributing factor in the decision to take this job and study, made a PhD in engineering at the Technical University of Berlin. After working in the German steel industry, traveled to the United States after the Second World War with no money and two suitcases full of books, hoping to build suspension bridges. Three years after joining the firm's New York engineer, Fred Severud, he became a member of it. With Severud, he made crucial structural and creative contributions to important mid-century architectural projects such as:

• cylindrical towers of the Navy in Chicago, Illinois

• the City of Toronto

• the Head Office Ford Foundation in New York (the building Selva)

• suspension system cable to the roof of Madison Square Garden in New York

• Kennedy Arts Center in Washington

• Crystal Cathedral Jardínla Philip Johnson Grove, California

• Sunshine Skyway Bridge in St. Petersburg , Florida (demolished) Was

Bandel who changed the shape of inverted catenary for the project of The Gateway Arch Eero Saarinen. When Saarinen tried to demonstrate their desired shape with a hanging chain in his hands, he could not reach the slightly elongated, the effect of "lifting" that he wanted; Bandel asked the chain again in a few days, and delighted the architect Saarinen producing the curve, as if by magic. Bandel had replaced some links Classified links variables constant and changing the weight, weight distribution, and shape. In 1978 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering. After the withdrawal of Fred Severud, signature, despite the objections of Bandel, was bought by a Hungarian engineer. Bandel left the firm and became senior vice president of DRC Consultants, working on suspension bridges and several other structures. He was offered the post of structural engineer at the University of Graz, Austria, in 1980, but rejected the offer, tempting to say that their assignments in America were more important to him than a faculty renowned in Europe. Bandel was also an expert in structural creative renewal. According to Benjamin Horace Weese, Bandel personally saved the deterioration of Guastavino tile dome in the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York in 1972, recommending that its granite pillars of support were to be isolated. Bandel In later years produced an innovative study three-dimensional truss to be assembled without tools in zero gravity for the project of NASA Mars Pathfinder. Bandel died of cardiac arrest skiing in Aspen, Colorado.

Henry Philibert Gaspard .


Date: 1803 - 1858. Title: Hydraulic Engineer. Major Achievements: Best known for Darcy law. Graduated as "Engineer of Bridges and Roads" is one of the pioneers of modern drinking water supply. Played an important role in the development of his hometown. Between 1834 and 1840 took, on behalf of the city of Dijon, the system design and construction of potable water supply of the city, building an underground line adduct 12 km in length designed by him. In 1847, piped water reached all floors of the buildings in Dijon, transforming this city into the second European city in regard to water supply, after Rome. Also contributed to the arrival of the train to Dijon.

In 1848 he became the Chief Engineer for the Côte-d'Or department (of which Dijon is the capital). Shortly after he left Dijon due to political pressure, but was promoted to Senior Director of Water & Flooring and took office in Paris. While in that position, he was able to focus more on its investigation of hydraulic, especially in the flow and friction losses in pipes. During this period he improved the design of the Pitot tube, essentially the form used today. He resigned his post in 1855 due to poor health, but was able to continue his research in Dijon. In 1855 and 1856 he led the column experiments established that is known as Darcy's law, originally developed to describe the flow through the sand, has since been generalized to a variety of situations and is in widespread use today . The unit of fluid permeability, Darcy, is named in honor of his work.

Post a treaty in 1856, on public sources of Dijon, where the formula appears that since then bears his name. From this formula it follows a unit of measure: darcy, which corresponds to the permeability of a body akin to a continuum and isotropic, by which a homogeneous fluid with viscosity equal to that of water at 20 ° C moves at the speed of 1 cm / sec under a pressure gradient of 1 atm / cm, which is a unit currently fall into disuse.

Othmar Ammann.

Engineer bridge designer. "The engineer and designer of numerous long suspension bridges, including the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge on the Port of New York, at its completion in 1965, was the single span bridge in the world longer."
was
a renowned civil engineer whose designs include:

• George Washington Bridge (opened October 24, 1931)

• Bayonne Bridge (opened November 15, 1931)

• Triborough Bridge (opened July 11, 1936)

• Bronx-Whitestone Bridge (open April 29, 1939)

• Throg's Neck Bridge (opened January 11, 1961)

• Verrazano Narrows Bridge (opened November 21, 1964)

Othmar Ammann

born in Schaffhausen, Switzerland in 1879. He received his engineering education in the Polytechnikum in Zurich, Switzerland. Polytechnikum, is considered by many one of the first universities in Europe. In 1904, he emigrated to the United States, spending his career working mostly in New York City. In 1905 he briefly returned to Switzerland to marry Selma Wehril Lilly. Together they had 3 children before she died in 1933. In 1924, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He then married Noetzli Karly Vogt in 1935 California. There was a report he wrote about the failure of the Quebec Bridge in 1907 that first won him recognition in the field of bridge engineering design. Because of this report, he was able to get a job to Gustav Lindenthal on the Hell Gate railroad bridge. By 1925, he was appointed engineer of bridges of New York Port Authority. His design for a bridge over the Hudson River was accepted over another developed by his mentor, Lindenthal. (The bridge design Noth Lindenthal River bridge shows a huge path that would have accommodated pedestrians, freight trains, rapid transit, and automobile traffic. The bridge, which would come into Manhattan on 57th Street, was rejected designs for Ammann mainly due to cost reasons.)

Ultimately, this became the George Washington Bridge. Under the direction of Ammann, was completed six months ahead of schedule with less than original budget of $ 60 million. Ammann designs for the George Washington Bridge, and later, the Bayonne Bridge, took care of master builder Robert Moses, who sketched Ammann in his service. The last four bridges Ammann of six built by him in the city of New York - Triborough, Bronx-Whitestone, the Throg's Neck, and Verrazano-Narrows, were all built by Moses' Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority. In 1946, Ammann and Charles Whitney founded the firm Ammann and Whitney. In 1964, Ammann opened the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York who had the longest suspension span 4.260 feet in the world and was the heaviest suspension bridge of its time. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is currently the eighth longest span in the world and the longest span in the Western Hemisphere. Ammann also assisted in the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, which is currently ninth in the longer span. Othmar Ammann designed more than half of the eleven bridges that connect New York City to the rest of the United States. His talent and wit helped him create the two longest suspension bridges in his time. Ammann was known for being able to create bridges that were light and cheap, they still remain simple and beautiful. This made him popular during the Depression era to be able to reduce total cost of the structure.